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1. Introduction & Setup

Python is a high-level, interpreted, object-oriented programming language developed by Guido van Rossum. It's highly popular in Data Science, Web Development, and Automation due to its design, which emphasizes code readability and a clean syntax. Anaconda is the recommended Python distribution for Data Science.

The basic Python command to display text on the screen is `print()`.

print("Hello, Nitedemy!")

You can install libraries using the pip package manager.

pip install pandas
pip install numpy

2. Data Types & Variables

Variables are names used to refer to memory locations where values are stored. In Python, the data type is determined automatically when you assign a value. Variable naming rules are that they must start with a letter or underscore (_), and cannot be a Python keyword.

The main primitive data types include: String (str) for text, Integer (int) for whole numbers, Float (float) for decimal numbers, and Boolean (bool) for truth values (True/False).

name = "Budi"      # str
age = 25           # int
height = 175.5     # float
is_active = True   # bool

print(type(height)) # Output: <class 'float'>

3. Operators & Expressions

Operators are special symbols to perform operations. An expression is a combination of operators and operands that results in a value.

Arithmetic Operators include: `+` (Addition), `-` (Subtraction), `*` (Multiplication), `/` (Float Division), `//` (Integer Division), `%` (Modulus/Remainder), and `` (Exponent).

Comparison (Relational) Operators like `==`, `!=`, `>`, `<`, `>=`, `<=` produce a Boolean value (True/False).

Logical Operators (`and`, `or`, `not`) are used to combine or invert Boolean conditions.

result = 11 // 4        # Result: 2
status = (5 > 3) and (10 == 10) # Result: True

4. Conditionals (If-Else)

Conditionals allow a program to execute a specific block of code only if a given condition is True. The structure must end with a colon (:) and the code block must be indented.

Common structures are Single If, If-Else (runs an alternative code), and If-Elif-Else (tests many conditions sequentially).

score = 85

if score > 90:
    print("Excellent")
elif score > 80:
    print("Good")
else:
    print("Sufficient")

5. Looping (For & While)

Looping is used to repeat a block of code. `For` is used to iterate over items in a sequence (iterable), often using the `range()` function. `While` repeats code as long as a condition is True.

You can control loops using `break` (stops the loop entirely) and `continue` (skips the current iteration).

# For Loop Example
for i in range(3):
    print(i)

# While Loop Example with break
num = 0
while True:
    if num == 2: break
    print(num)
    num += 1

6. List, Tuple, Set

These are collection data structures for storing multiple values:

1. List []: Ordered, changeable (Mutable), allows duplicates. Accessed by numeric index.

2. Tuple (): Ordered, NOT changeable (Immutable), allows duplicates.

3. Set {}: Unordered, changeable (Mutable), does NOT allow duplicates (unique).

my_list = [10, 20]
my_list.append(30)

my_tuple = (1, 2)

my_set = {1, 2, 2}
print(my_set) # Output: {1, 2}

7. Dictionary

A Dictionary is a data structure that stores data in Key-Value pairs. Dictionaries are unordered, changeable (Mutable), and Keys must be unique and Immutable.

Values are accessed using the Key inside square brackets `[]`. Common methods include `.keys()`, `.values()`, and `.items()`.

profile = {"name": "Rudi", "age": 30}
print(profile["age"]) # Access value
profile["age"] = 31  # Change value

8. Functions

A function is an organized block of code that performs a specific task, improving modularity and reusability. Functions are defined using the `def` keyword.

Functions can accept parameters (inputs) and return values using the `return` keyword. Variables inside functions are Local.

def add(a, b):
    return a + b

result = add(5, 3) # result = 8

9. Basic OOP

OOP focuses on Objects, which are instances of a Class (Blueprint). A Class contains data (Attributes) and code (Methods). The special `__init__(self)` method is used for object initialization.

The main pillars of OOP include Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism.

class Car:
    def __init__(self, color):
        self.color = color

    def get_color(self):
        return self.color

my_car = Car("Red")
print(my_car.get_color()) # Output: Red

10. NumPy Library

NumPy (Numerical Python) is the fundamental library that provides the N-dimensional Array (`ndarray`) object for numerical computing. NumPy arrays are faster than Python Lists due to Vectorization and homogeneity (uniform data type).

Mathematical operations in NumPy are performed element-wise (vectorization).

import numpy as np

a = np.array([10, 20, 30])
result = a * 2 # Result: [20 40 60]

print(a.shape) # Dimensions

11. Pandas Library

Pandas is the most important library for data analysis and manipulation of structured data. Its key data structures are the Series (1D/column) and DataFrame (2D/table). Pandas is used for reading data (e.g., `pd.read_csv()`), filtering, and grouping.

Important functions for Data Cleaning include `df.info()` (view data summary) and `df.fillna()` (fill missing values).

import pandas as pd

data = {'Age': [25, 30, 22]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

age_filter = df[df['Age'] > 25]

Practice Set

Reinforce basic Python programming and Data Science library concepts with interactive questions.

Question #1 - Python Introduction

Which Python library is fundamental and provides N-Dimensional Arrays for numerical computing?

Question #2 - Data Types

What data type will result from the expression `5 / 2` in Python?

Question #3 - Operators

What is the result of the expression `2 ** 3`?

Question #4 - Conditionals

What keyword is used to test a second or alternative condition after a primary `if` condition in Python?

Question #5 - Looping

Which statement will cause a loop to immediately stop its current iteration and proceed to the next iteration?

Question #6 - Data Structures

Which collection data structure is mutable (changeable) and ensures all its elements are unique?

Question #7 - Dictionary

What is used to access a value in a Python Dictionary?

Question #8 - Functions

The Python keyword used to return a value from a function to its caller is?

Question #9 - OOP

What is the special method that is automatically executed when a new object is created (instantiated) from a Class?

Question #10 - NumPy

The primary data object provided by the NumPy library for efficient computation is?

Question #11 - Pandas

The most commonly used 2-Dimensional Pandas data structure for storing tabular data (like an Excel table) is?

Final Exam

Test your Python knowledge comprehensively. Time is limited!